When you start Vim with the --clean
option, it shows up in “vanilla” mode. No
plugins, no configuration, just back to the roots. I have collected a ton of
configuration statements over the years some of them dating from MS-DOS or
Windows 3.1. Here is the deal: I am going to start from scratch to find a good
starting-point configuration with just plugins which are available in Fedora 35.
Will I survive a week of coding? Let’s find out!
Let’s set the rules: Minimum possible configuration statements and only plugins which ship with Fedora 35+. By the way, if you are not Fedora user, continue reading. You can always install these plugins from your OS package manager, manually or via a Vim plugin manager.
Before we start, there’s the elephant in the room: Vim or Neovim (fork of Vim) question. Well, this is up to you, everything that is in this post should work for both, however, I only tested with Vim. All the skill will come handy when you logon to a server where only vi is available. It can be either an old UNIX system, Linux server with minimum software installed for better security, an interative shell in a container or an embedded system where space is precious.
Without further ado, here is what I distilled to the absolute bare minimum to be effective with Vim for coding:
# dnf install --allowerasing vim-default-editor \
vim-enhanced \
vim-ctrlp \
vim-airline \
vim-trailing-whitespace \
vim-fugitive \
vim-ale \
ctags
Do not worry about the --allowerasing
option, just review the installation
transaction prior confirming. This option is there to tell the package manager
to replace existing package nano-default-editor
with vim-default-editor
. It
is a small package that drops a shell configuration files to set EDITOR
environment variable to vim
and this is a must have if you want to use Vim
(e.g. with git). This is a special thing for Fedora, you will not need to do
this on other distributions or OSes - just make sure your EDITOR shell variable
is correctly set.
A quick overview what I consider a good and clean plugin set:
- ctrlp - smallest possible fuzzy-finder plugin (pure vimscript)
- fugitive - a must have tool for git
- trailing-whitespace - shows and fixes, well, trailing whitespace
- airline - an improved status line (pure vimscript)
- ale - highlights typos or syntax errors as you type
- ctags - not a Vim plugin but a very much needed tool
There are other fuzzy-finder plugins like Command-T or my faviourite (very fast) fzf.vim. Thing is, fzf.vim is not in Fedora and I want the smallest possible configuration. CtrlP will do just fine and it is much more easier to configure as it requires nothing.
If I were to choose absolute minimum configuration it would be:
# cat ~/.vimrc
let mapleader=","
let maplocalleader="_"
filetype plugin indent on
let g:ctrlp_map = '<leader><leader>'
let g:ctrlp_user_command = ['.git/', 'git --git-dir=%s/.git ls-files -oc --exclude-standard']
set exrc
set secure
But that is probably too extreme, so here is slightly bigger configuration with my detail explanation below:
" vim: nowrap sw=2 sts=2 ts=2 et:
" leaders
let mapleader=","
let maplocalleader="_"
" filetype and intent
filetype plugin indent on
" incompatible plugins
if has('syntax') && has('eval')
packadd! matchit
end
" be SSD friendly (can be dangerous!)
"set directory=/tmp
" move backups away from projects
set backupdir=~/.vimbackup
" fuzzy searching
let g:ctrlp_map = '<leader><leader>'
let g:ctrlp_user_command = ['.git/', 'git --git-dir=%s/.git ls-files -oc --exclude-standard']
nnoremap <leader>b :CtrlPBuffer<cr>
nnoremap <leader>t :CtrlPTag<cr>
nnoremap <leader>f :CtrlPBufTag<cr>
nnoremap <leader>q :CtrlPQuickfix<cr>
nnoremap <leader>m :CtrlPMRU<cr>
" buffers and quickfix
function! ToggleQuickFix()
if empty(filter(getwininfo(), 'v:val.quickfix'))
copen
else
cclose
endif
endfunction
nnoremap <leader>w :call ToggleQuickFix()<cr>
nnoremap <leader>d :bd<cr>
" searching ang grepping
nnoremap <leader>g :copen<cr>:Ggrep! <SPACE>
nnoremap K :Ggrep "\b<C-R><C-W>\b"<cr>:cw<cr>
nnoremap <leader>s :set hlsearch! hlsearch?<cr>
" ctags generation
nnoremap <leader>c :!ctags -R .<cr><cr>
" per-project configs
set exrc
set secure
I like having my leader key mapped to comma instead of the default backslash.
It is the closest free key in Vim when your hands are in writing position. Also
this key is same in most keyboard layouts while \
varies per model or layout.
I rarely use local leader but underscore looks like a good fit.
Further reading:
:help map-which-keys
: https://vimhelp.org/map.txt.html#map-which-keys- https://vim.fandom.com/wiki/Unused_keys
Next up it is the very important filetype command. See, Vim comes with “batteries included”, version 8.2 contains syntax highlighting for 644 languagues, 251 filetype definitions (ftplugins) and intentation rules for 138 languages. However, indentation is not enabled by default perhaps to deliver a consistent editing experience for all. I like to enable it.
A quick tip: If you are editing a very large file and Vim feels slow, you may
want to disable syntax highlighting to speed things up. Just type :syn off
command.
Further reading:
:help filetype
: https://vimhelp.org/filetype.txt.html:help syntax
: https://vimhelp.org/syntax.txt.html:help indent
: https://vimhelp.org/indent.txt.html
Vim even comes with some extra plugins which makes some feature incompatible,
one of these is quite useful. It is the matchit plugin which makes %
key
which finds matching paren to work with some languages. Typically, you can find
beginning or end of a block (begin
and end
) or HTML matching tags and
similar.
Further reading:
:help matchit
: https://vimhelp.org/usr_05.txt.html#matchit-install
One of the many settings I want to keep from my old config is using /tmp
for
swap and creating backups in a separate directory in my home which you need to
create with mkdir ~/.vimbackup
. Now, it is important to understand that Vim
creates a copy called “swap file” when you start editing and all the unsaved
work is saved in this file. So even if there is a power outage, your swap will
contain most of the unsaved work. I prefer using tmpfs as all my laptops and
servers are protected with UPS and I am used to save quite often. Also, most of
the times you will utilize swap files when your ssh connection is lost rather
than thank to a power outage. Swap files can be quite big for large files and I
value my SSD wear so I am making the decision here, if you are unsure remove
this statement to use /var/tmp
which is safer.
Further reading:
:help swap-file
: https://vimhelp.org/recover.txt.html#swap-file
Now, the fuzzy finder is a plugin I cannot live without. Opening files via
commands like :Ex
or :e
or :tabe
is okayish on a server when you need to
open like 20 files a day. When coding, we usually need to open hundreds of
them. As I said, CtrlP does the job nicely, it is small, no dependencies, pure
Vim. It opens with Ctrl-P combination which is a bit weird to me, I know that
some famous editors use it (VSCode I think). Thing is, these are already
important Vim keybindings I do not want to override. So the winner for me is
leader+leader (comma pressed twice).
The ctrlp_user_command
just changes how CtrlP is getting the file list,
instead the build-in recursive file lister (glob) it uses git ls-files
which
is usually better as it ignores things from .gitignore
so things like
node_modules
or other irrelevant directories which can slow down the listing
are not in the way.
Leader+b/t/f/q/m to open list of buffers, tags, tags from current file, quick fix buffer and most recently used files is very useful too. Specifically, once you generated a taglist with ctags, this is essentially “Go To Definition” for hundreds of programming languages - no plugins needed! This is all built-in Vim. Now to put thigs straigt, when I type leader+b it means pressing comma and then pressing b key, not together like with Control or Shift.
Further reading:
Although Vim supports tabs these days, buffer management is an important skill
for mastering Vim, what I usually end up with is having too many buffers and I
need to do :bdelete
way too often. Well, leader+d seems like a good option
to do that faster. I also like to be able to close quickfix window so there is
the leader+q combination for that too. I use this very often when browsing
search results.
Further reading:
:help buffer-hidden
: https://vimhelp.org/windows.txt.html#buffer-hidden
Speaking about searching, it is as important as opening files. I want to be
able grep the codebase, for that there is the awesome :Ggrep
command from
fugitive plugin which uses git grep
which by design ignores junk files and
only searches what’s in git. Since Shift-K is a free key in Vim, it is a great
fit for automatically grepping the term under cursor. And finally, being able
to enter arbitrary search pattern via leader+g is also nice. Note this opens a
window which is called Quickfix window where you can navigate the results, go
to next occurance, previous, last, first and more. The same window is used for
output from compilators or other tools so get familiar with it. I suggest
further reading in the documentation if this is new to you.
Further reading:
By the way, searching via /
key is smart sensitive, meaning if all characters
are lower case, Vim searches ignoring case. By default it highlights results
and I think I typed :noh
(turn of highlighting) about a million times, that’s
why I have leader+s to toggle this. I suggest to read more about searching in
the manual later on too.
Searching and grepping is next. The fugitive plugin has you covered. Use the
command :Ggrep pattern
to do a git grep, results will go into the Quickfix
window. Then simply navigate through the results via quick fix commands (:cn
,
:cp
etc) or simply use :CtrlPQuickfix
(or leader+q) to scroll them
visually. What is cool about the CtrlP quick fix integration is you can further
search the results just by typing to match filenames or content as well, if it
makes sense. Searching the results of a search.
Further reading:
:help grep
: https://vimhelp.org/quickfix.txt.html#grep:help noh
: https://vimhelp.org/pattern.txt.html#noh- https://github.com/tpope/vim-fugitive
Leader+c to generate ctags file for better navigation is useful when I am dealing with a new codebase or doing some longer coding session with lots of jumps around. Ctags supports hundreds of languages and Vim can use all this knowledge to navigate it. More about how to configure it later. Note we already discussed leader+t to open fuzzy search for all tags, remember? It is the very same thing.
Further reading:
:help ctags
: https://vimhelp.org/tagsrch.txt.html- https://ctags.io
Being able to override any other setting in projects by creating .vimrc
file
in a project directory is a good idea to do. Just put it in the (global)
.gitignore
to make sure you don’t need to edit thousands of git ignore files
in each project. Such a project .vimrc
could be something like (for C/C++
project with GNU Makefile):
" coding style
set tabstop=4
set softtabstop=4
set shiftwidth=4
set noexpandtab
" include and autocomplete path
let &path.="/usr/local/include"
" function keys to build and run the project
nnoremap <F9> :wall!<cr>:make!<cr><cr>
nnoremap <F10> :!LD_LIBRARY_PATH=/usr/local/lib ./project<cr><cr>
As you can see, I typically map F2-F10 keys to compile, run, test and similar
actions. Using F9 for calling make
sounds about right, remember the blue
Borland IDE from MS-DOS?
As mentioned earlier, is a good idea to ignore both .vimrc
and tags
(generated by ctags
) globally so there is no need to update every each
.gitignore
:
# git config --global core.excludesfile ~/.gitignore
# cat ~/.gitignore
/.vimrc
/tags
/TAGS
There are actually few more statements in my personal config which are only relevant for those with non-US keyboard layouts (I am on Czech). I need to use dead keys for many characters and it is simply not possible and I’d rather type the command instead of doing those hard-to-reach combinations. Here is a solution to the problem:
" CTRL-] is hard on my keyboard layout
map <C-K> <C-]>
" CTRL-^ is hard on my keyboard layout
nnoremap <F1> :b#<cr>
nnoremap <F2> :bp<cr>
nnoremap <F3> :bn<cr>
" I hate entering Ex mode by accient
map Q <Nop>
Further reading:
:help map
: https://vimhelp.org/map.txt.html
Function keys are all free in Vim, except F1 which is bound to help. I don’t
need help, not that I would already know everything about Vim. Not at all. But
I can simply type :help
if needed. And F1 is cruical key, so close to the Esc
key. I like to use buffer swapping (:b#
) for that as well as F2-F3 for
next/previous. The more you work with buffers the more you will need this. If
you haven’t used Ctrl-^ I suggest to get used to it. Oh, have you ever entered
the Ex mode with the ugly type :visual
? Many begginners had no idea how to
quit Vim from that mode, for me it is just disturbing as I rarely use it.
Now, getting familiar with ctags
is a key thing to be successful with Vim.
This tool supports hundreds of languages and it can easily create tags for
files you do not want to create, therefore I suggest to ignore typical junk
directories:
# cat ~/.ctags.d/local.ctags
--recurse=yes
--exclude=.git
--exclude=build/
--exclude=.svn
--exclude=vendor/*
--exclude=node_modules/*
--exclude=public/webpack/*
--exclude=db/*
--exclude=log/*
--exclude=test/*
--exclude=tests/*
--exclude=\*.min.\*
--exclude=\*.swp
--exclude=\*.bak
--exclude=\*.pyc
--exclude=\*.class
--exclude=\*.cache
I must not forget about vim-airline plugin, out of the two in Fedora this one is light, no external dependencies are needed and it works out of box with all my fonts. You can customize it, there are themes and such things. I just happen to like the default setting.
One thing I must mention is that there are two main ctag projects, Exuberant Ctags and Universal Ctags. The latter is a more modern fork, if your distribution have it, use that. If you are on Fedora 35+ all you need to know that you are now on Universal Ctags.
Before I wrap it up, here is what I suggest. Try to keep your Vim configuration
slick and clean. It will pay off in the future. After I switched, I had to
re-learn “write and quit” command because I was typing it as :Wq
accidentaly
all the time and I had a “hack” in the old configuration that actually did what
I meant. Okay, this one might be actually useful and make the cut, I hope you
get what I mean:
:command Wq wq
:command WQ wq
Here is a final quick tip - you may need to change your default Vim configuration a lot while finding the sweetspot of what I presented you here and your own taste. Use the following alias so you don’t need to search the history all the time. Trust me, when a Vim user searches history for “vim”, nothing is relevant:
alias vim-vimrc='vim ~/.vimrc'
There you have it, maybe this can help you navigating through the rich world of Vim without ton of plugins. “Vanilla” Vim is fun!
To try out what you just read, install the packages and check out the config:
test -f ~/.vimrc && mv ~/.vimrc ~/.vimrc.backup
curl -s https://raw.githubusercontent.com/lzap/vim-lzap/master/.vimrc -o ~/.vimrc
mkdir ~/.vimbackup
Special thanks to Marc Deop and Melanie Corr for reviewing my article.